로버트 카파(Robert Capa, 1913-1954)는 전쟁 보도사진 분야의 개척자이며 보도사진 통신사인 <매그넘>의 설립자이다.
헝가리 부다페스트 출신인 카파의 본명은 본명 앙드레 프리드먼.
부다페스트의 가난한 유태인 집에서태어난 카파는 1931년 반유태주의를 피해
베를린으로 피신한 후 사진계에 입문했다
스페인인 내전과 제 2차 세계대전 종군 사진을 통해 일약 세계적인 명성을 얻었다.
카파는 동료 사진기자인 제르다 타로와 함께 1936년부터 스페인 내전의 전장을 누비며
잡지 등에 정기적으로 사진을 발표했다.
하지만 카파는 사진을 조작해 찍는다는 의혹에 시달렸다.
뉴욕타임스는 지난 4월 30일 기사를 통해 그의 전기를 쓴
리처드 월런이나 라이프誌 편집장을
지낸 헨리 루스도 그 사실을 인정했다고 보도했다.
최근에는 스페인 파이스 바스코 대학의
호세 마누엘 수스페레기 교수가 이 사진의 '연출 촬영' 가능성을 제기하는 등 조작 논란이 이어졌다.
카파는 1954년 5월 25일 베트남의 한 전장에서 프랑스 군인들의 행군 뒷모습을 찍던 도중 지뢰를 밟아 사망했다.
사진기자로 전쟁터를 누비던 그답게 마지막 순간까지 카메라와 함께였다.
Robert Capa (Budapest, October 22, 1913 – May 25, 1954), born Endre Ernő Friedmann ,
was a 20th century combat photographer and photojournalist who covered five different wars:
the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II across Europe, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War,
and the First Indochina War. He d0cumented the course of World War II in London, North Africa, Italy,
the Battle of Normandy on Omaha Beach and the liberation of Paris.
To Capa, technical considerations were secondary to catching a dramatic moment.
His action photographs, such as those taken during the 1944 Normandy invasion,
portray the violence of war with unique impact. In 1947,
Capa cofounded prestigious Magnum Photos with, among others, the French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson.
The organization was the first cooperative agency for worldwide freelance photographers.
스페인 파이스 바스코 대학의 언론학 교수인 호세 마누엘 수스페레기는 자신의 저서
"사진의 그늘"에서
이 사진이 촬영된 장소가 당시 전투가 벌어진 곳이 아니라며 사진이 연출된 것이라고 주장.
스페인 내전이 치열했던 1936년9월
한 전투에서
'인민전선'의 병사가 총을 맞고 쓰러지는 장면
이 모습이 담긴 흑백사진은 사진 잡지인 라이프지에 실리며
전쟁사진의 고전이 되었다
:
촬영 당시 23세였던 카파는 이 사진으로 단번에 유명세를 탔다.
그는 2차 세계대전 당시 연합군의 노르망디상륙작전 시리즈로 보도사진계의 신화로 떠올랐다.
죽음을 두려워하지 않은 투철한 사진가의 정신을 가리키는 '카파주의(Capaism)'라는 말까지 나왔다.
▲사진 촬영지가 총탄이 오가는 격전지가 아니고
▲사진 속 병사가 당시 사망했던 병사가 아니라는 점을 들어 연출된 사진이라고 주장했다고
뉴욕타임스가 18일 보도했다.
Spanish Civil War
From 1936 to 1939, he was in Spain, photographing the horrors of the Spanish Civil War,
along with Gerda Taro, his companion and professional photography partner, and David Seymour
In 1936, he became known across the globe for a photo (known as the "Falling Soldier" photo)
presumably taken in Cerro Muriano on the Cordoba Front of a Loyalist Militiaman who allegedly had just been shot
and was in the act of falling to his death. There has been a long controversy about the authenticity of this photograph.
A Spanish historian identified the dead soldier as Federico Borrell García, from Alcoi (Alicante). This identification has
been disputed; in fact there is a second photograph showing another soldier falling exactly on the same spot.
According to the Spanish newspaper El Periodico, the photo was taken near the town of Espejo, at 10 kilometres from
Cerro Muriano, proving that the photo was staged .
In 2009, a Spanish professor published a book titled Shadows of Photogrpahy, in which he alledged that the
photograph could not have been taken where, when or how Capa and his backers have alleged.
Many of Capa's photographs of the Spanish Civil War were,
for many decades, presumed lost, but surfaced in Mexico City in the late 1990s. While fleeing Europe in 1939,
Capa had lost the collection, which over time came to be dubbed the "Mexican suitcase".
Ownership of the collection was transferred to the Capa Estate, and in December, 2007,
moved to the International Center of Photography, a museum founded by
Capa's younger brother Cornell in Manhattan.
카파의 다른 사진들
World War II
At the start of World War II, Capa was in New York City.
He had moved there from Paris to look for new work and to escape Nazi persecution.
The war took Capa to various parts of the European Theatre on photography assignments.
He first photographed for Collier's Weekly, before switching to Life after he was fired by the former.
He was the only "enemy alien" photographer for the Allies. On October 7, 1943, Robert Capa was in Naples with Life
reporter Will Lang Jr. and photographed the Naples post office bombing.
His most famous work occurred on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) when he swam ashore with the second assault
wave on Omaha Beach. He was armed with two Contax II cameras mounted with 50mm lenses
and several rolls of spare film. Capa took 106 pictures in the first couple of hours of the invasion. However,
a staff member at Life in London made a mistake in the darkroom; he set the dryer too high and melted the emulsion in
the negatives in three complete rolls and over half of a fourth roll. Only eight frames in total were recovered.
Capa never said a word to the London bureau chief about the loss of three and a half rolls of his D-Day landing film.
Although a fifteen-year-old lab assistant named Dennis Banks was responsible for the accident, another account,
now largely accepted as untrue but which gained widespread currency, blamed Larry Burrows,
who worked in the lab not as a technician but as a "tea-boy".
Life magazine printed 10 of the frames in its June 19, 1944 issue with captions that described the footage as
"slightly out of focus", explaining that Capa's hands were shaking in the excitement
of the moment (something which he denied).
Capa used this phrase as the title of his autobiographical account of the war,
In 1947 Capa traveled into the Soviet Union with his friend, writer John Steinbeck. He took photos in Moscow,
Kiev, Tbilisi, Batumi and among the ruins of Stalingrad. The humorous reportage of Steinbeck,
A Russian Journal was illustrated with Capa's photos. It was first published in 1948.
In 1947, Capa founded Magnum Photos with Henri Cartier-Bresson, William Vandivert, David Seymour,
and George Rodger. In 1951, he became the president.
Capa toured Israel after its founding, and supplied the copious photographs for a book on the new nation written by
Irwin Shaw, Report on Israel.
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